Tag: upsc environment notes

Ramsar Sites in India 2025 : are officially recognized wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. As of 2025, India has a total of 89 Ramsar Sites, spread across various states and union territories. These wetlands play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation, water regulation, and climate resilience. This comprehensive list of Ramsar Sites in Andhra Pradesh : 1. Kolleru Lake Key Aspect: Located near the Krishna and West Godavari districts.Ecological Significance: It is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India and supports various migratory bird species.Prelims Relevance: Freshwater wetland, migratory bird habitat. 2. Pulicat Lake Key Aspect: A brackish water lagoon located on the eastern coast of India. Ecological Significance: Supports a variety of bird species, including flamingos, and is an essential habitat for migratory birds. Prelims Relevance: Coastal wetland, migratory bird habitat. 3. Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary Key Aspect: Located near the Godavari River Delta, it is a coastal mangrove ecosystem.Ecological Significance: It plays an important role in maintaining the health of the coastal ecosystem, supporting marine species, and serving as a breeding ground for birds.Prelims Relevance: Mangrove ecosystem, coastal wetland, biodiversity. Assam 1. Deepor Beel Key Aspect: Located near Guwahati, this is a freshwater lake and wetland.Ecological Significance: It is an Important Bird Area (IBA) and supports various bird species, including migratory waterfowl.Prelims Relevance: Freshwater wetland, migratory birds, Important Bird Area. 2. Kaziranga National Park Key Aspect:Located in the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, it comprises tall elephant grass, marshland, and dense tropical moist broadleaf forests. Ecological Significance: UNESCO World Heritage Site. Home to the world's largest population of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros. Supports significant populations of tigers, elephants, wild water buffalo, and swamp deer. The park is also an Important Bird Area (IBA) with a large number of migratory and resident birds. Plays a vital role in flood regulation and habitat connectivity in the Brahmaputra river ecosystem. Prelims Relevance: Located in Assam, near the Brahmaputra River. Notified as a Tiger Reserve, World Heritage Site, and a major wildlife corridor. Species: One-horned rhinoceros, Bengal tiger, swamp deer, elephant. Important for biodiversity conservation in the Brahmaputra floodplains. Not a Ramsar Site (as of 2025), but highly important for UPSC due to multiple statuses and conservation relevance. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1. Ritchie's Archipelago Key Aspect: A group of islands and coral reefs in the Bay of Bengal.Ecological Significance: This archipelago is a marine ecosystem that supports a variety of marine species, including coral reefs and marine life, and is crucial for marine biodiversity.Prelims Relevance: Marine ecosystem, coral reefs, biodiversity. Bihar Kanwar Taal (Kabar Taal) Lake Key Aspect:Located in Begusarai district of Bihar, Kanwar Taal is the largest freshwater oxbow lake in Asia and was declared a Ramsar Site in 2020, making it Bihar’s first Ramsar site. Ecological Significance: Functions as a natural flood buffer and groundwater recharge zone in the North Bihar floodplains. Recognized as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA). Supports over 165 species of birds, including migratory waterbirds on the Central Asian Flyway. Key species include Greater Adjutant Stork, Sarus Crane, and various species of ducks and geese. Also supports numerous species of fish, reptiles, and aquatic plants. Faces threats from siltation, encroachment, pollution, and changing agricultural practices. Prelims Relevance: Location: Begusarai, Bihar (first Ramsar site of the state). Type of wetland: Freshwater oxbow lake. Key species: Sarus Crane, Greater Adjutant, and other migratory birds. Flyway: Central Asian Flyway. Threats and significance: Important for flood control, bird habitat, and groundwater recharge; under threat from human activity. [caption id="attachment_26092" align="aligncenter" width="403"] State-wise map of Ramsar Sites in India 2025 showing all 80+ wetlands of international importance for UPSC preparation and environmental awareness[/caption] Chhattisgarh Kanger Valley National Park Wetland Key Aspect: Located in Bastar district, within the Eastern Ghats; declared a Ramsar site in 2022. Ecological Significance: A unique wetland-rich landscape inside a national park, supporting diverse flora, cave ecosystems, and aquatic biodiversity. Prelims Relevance: State: Chhattisgarh Wetland Type: Forest wetland within National Park Designation Year: 2022 Protected Area Connection: Within Kanger Valley National Park Biodiversity Note: Presence of underground limestone caves and freshwater fauna Goa Nanda Lake : Key Aspect: Located in South Goa district; first Ramsar site of Goa, designated in 2022. Ecological Significance: A natural freshwater wetland surrounded by paddy fields and forest; supports marshy and aquatic biodiversity, including herons and egrets. Prelims Relevance: State: Goa Wetland Type: Freshwater wetland Designation Year: 2022 Biodiversity: Waders, aquatic birds, and native wetland vegetation Note: First Ramsar site of Goa Gujarat 1. Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary Key Aspect: Located near Jamnagar on Gujarat’s western coast; designated Ramsar site in 2022. Ecological Significance: Unique mix of freshwater, saltwater, creeks, and marshes; supports over 250 bird species. Prelims Relevance: State: Gujarat Wetland Type: Coastal and inland wetland Flyway: Central Asian Flyway Key Species: Flamingos, pelicans, and migratory ducks 2. Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: Located near Ahmedabad; declared a Ramsar site in 2012. Ecological Significance: One of the largest natural wetlands in India; key wintering site for migratory waterfowl. Prelims Relevance: State: Gujarat Wetland Type: Shallow freshwater lake Flyway: Central Asian Flyway Key Species: Lesser flamingo, sarus crane 3. Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Key Aspect: Located in Mehsana district; designated in 2022. Ecological Significance: Man-made irrigation reservoir supporting over 320 bird species. Prelims Relevance: State: Gujarat Wetland Type: Artificial freshwater reservoir Key Species: Flamingos, greylag geese Note: Birdwatching hotspot near urban center 4. Wadhvana Wetland Key Aspect: Located in Vadodara district; declared Ramsar site in 2022. Ecological Significance: Important for migratory waterbirds using Central Asian Flyway; also supports fish diversity. Prelims Relevance: State: Gujarat Wetland Type: Man-made irrigation wetland Key Species: Ferruginous duck, red-crested pochard Haryana 1. Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary Key Aspect: Located in Jhajjar district; declared Ramsar site in 2021. Ecological Significance: Largest wetland in Haryana; supports 250+ bird species, including migratory ones. Prelims Relevance: State: Haryana Wetland Type: Freshwater artificial wetland Flyway: Central Asian Flyway Key Species: Black-necked stork, Egyptian vulture 2. Sultanpur National Park Key Aspect: Located in Gurugram district; declared Ramsar site in 2021. Ecological Significance: Important breeding ground and stopover for over 200 bird species. Prelims Relevance: State: Haryana Wetland Type: Shallow seasonal wetland Flyway: Central Asian Flyway Key Species: Siberian crane (occasionally), painted stork Himachal Pradesh 1. Chandertal Wetland Key Aspect: High-altitude glacial lake in Lahaul-Spiti Valley. Ecological Significance: Supports unique cold desert biodiversity and alpine flora; breeding site for high-altitude birds. Prelims Relevance: State: Himachal Pradesh Wetland Type: High-altitude freshwater lake Key Species: Ruddy shelduck, snow leopard (surrounding habitat) Note: Tourism-sensitive zone 2. Pong Dam Lake Key Aspect: Man-made reservoir on the Beas River in Kangra district. Ecological Significance: Major wintering site for migratory birds; over 220 bird species recorded. Prelims Relevance: State: Himachal Pradesh Wetland Type: Reservoir Flyway: Central Asian Flyway Key Species: Bar-headed goose, red-necked grebe 3. Renuka Wetland Key Aspect: Natural lake in Sirmaur district, surrounded by forested hills. Ecological Significance: Supports fish diversity, local livelihoods, and holds cultural significance (linked to Renuka Devi). Prelims Relevance: State: Himachal Pradesh Wetland Type: Natural lake Key Species: Mahseer fish Cultural Link: Associated with Indian mythology Jammu & Kashmir 1. Haigam Wetland Conservation Reserve Key Aspect: Located in Baramulla district; declared a Ramsar site in 2022. Ecological Significance: Freshwater lake fed by Jhelum River; important stopover for migratory birds. Prelims Relevance: State: Jammu & Kashmir Wetland Type: Freshwater marsh Key Species: Common teal, northern pintail Flyway: Central Asian Flyway 2. Hokersar Wetland Key Aspect: Located near Srinagar; largest bird reserve in the Kashmir Valley. Ecological Significance: Supports over 500,000 migratory birds annually. Prelims Relevance: State: Jammu & Kashmir Wetland Type: Freshwater lake and marsh Key Species: Eurasian wigeon, gadwall Threats: Urban encroachment, siltation 3. Shallabugh Wetland Conservation Reserve Key Aspect: Located in Ganderbal district; declared Ramsar site in 2022. Ecological Significance: Important breeding ground for waterfowl and waders. Prelims Relevance: State: Jammu & Kashmir Wetland Type: Marshy wetland Flyway: Central Asian Flyway Key Species: Garganey, tufted duck 4. Surinsar-Mansar Lakes Key Aspect: Twin lakes in Jammu region, surrounded by hills and forest. Ecological Significance: Cultural and ecological importance; supports migratory birds and aquatic biodiversity. Prelims Relevance: State: Jammu & Kashmir Wetland Type: Freshwater lake system Key Species: Indian softshell turtle, fish species Cultural Importance: Pilgrimage sites 5. Wular Lake Key Aspect: One of the largest freshwater lakes in Asia; fed by the Jhelum River. Ecological Significance: Key for flood control, fishery, and bird habitat. Prelims Relevance: State: Jammu & Kashmir Wetland Type: Freshwater lake Key Species: Eurasian coot, mallard Environmental Role: Major flood basin for Jhelum Karnataka 1. Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve Key Aspect: Freshwater lake in Vijayanagara district. Ecological Significance: Important habitat for both resident and migratory birds; supports diverse avifauna including painted storks and black-headed ibis. Prelims Relevance: State: Karnataka Wetland Type: Freshwater lake Key Species: Painted stork, black-headed ibis Flyway: Central Asian Flyway 2. Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve Key Aspect: Located in Gadag district, this shallow freshwater wetland is rain-fed. Ecological Significance: Supports large congregations of bar-headed geese and other migratory waterfowl during winter. Prelims Relevance: State: Karnataka Wetland Type: Freshwater lake Key Species: Bar-headed goose Notable Feature: Seasonal wetland of conservation significance 3. Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: Island-based wetland on the Cauvery River in Mandya district. Ecological Significance: Major breeding ground for colonial waterbirds; supports over 200 species of birds. Prelims Relevance: State: Karnataka Wetland Type: Riverine wetland Key Species: Spot-billed pelican, painted stork Linkage: On Cauvery River Kerala 1. Ashtamudi Lake Key Aspect: Palm-shaped estuarine lake in Kollam district. Ecological Significance: Supports clam fisheries, mangroves, and estuarine biodiversity. Prelims Relevance: State: Kerala Wetland Type: Estuarine lake Key Species: Clams, mangrove species Human Linkage: Traditional livelihoods (fishing, coir) 2. Sasthamkotta Lake Key Aspect: Largest freshwater lake in Kerala located in Kollam district. Ecological Significance: Source of drinking water, habitat for freshwater fish and birds. Prelims Relevance: State: Kerala Wetland Type: Freshwater lake Key Species: Freshwater fishes, otters Note: Supplies drinking water to Kollam 3. Vembanad-Kol Wetland Key Aspect: Largest Ramsar site in India, spread across multiple districts including Alappuzha and Kottayam. Ecological Significance: Supports paddy farming (below sea level), backwaters tourism, and large waterbird populations. Prelims Relevance: State: Kerala Wetland Type: Brackish lagoon and marsh Key Species: Waterbirds, marsh fish Notable Feature: Below sea-level farming (Kuttanad) Ladakh 1. Tso Kar Wetland Complex Key Aspect: A high-altitude saline wetland in the Leh region of Ladakh. Ecological Significance: Known for migratory birds, particularly during the monsoon season. The site plays an important role in supporting diverse avifauna, including the threatened black-necked crane. Prelims Relevance: State: Ladakh Wetland Type: Saline wetland Key Species: Black-necked crane Altitude: High-altitude wetland Flyway: Central Asian Flyway 2. Tsomoriri Key Aspect: A high-altitude lake in the Leh region, known for its remote location in the Changthang plateau. Ecological Significance: Supports rich biodiversity, including migratory waterfowl like the bar-headed goose and a variety of aquatic life. Prelims Relevance: State: Ladakh Wetland Type: High-altitude lake Key Species: Bar-headed goose Flyway: Central Asian Flyway Human Impact: Home to nomadic herders (Changpas) Madhya Pradesh 1. Bhoj Wetland Key Aspect: Comprising two artificial lakes (Bhojtal and Kaliasot) near Bhopal. Ecological Significance: Provides vital water supply to the city of Bhopal and supports a variety of waterfowl and aquatic flora. Prelims Relevance: State: Madhya Pradesh Wetland Type: Artificial wetland (lake) Key Species: Migratory waterfowl Location: Bhopal 2. Sakhya Sagar Key Aspect: Located in the Guna district, this wetland is a man-made reservoir. Ecological Significance: Supports waterfowl, aquatic plants, and serves as a key water source for the surrounding areas. Prelims Relevance: State: Madhya Pradesh Wetland Type: Reservoir Key Species: Migratory birds Location: Guna district 3. Sirpur Wetland Key Aspect: Situated in the Betul district, this wetland is known for its seasonal and semi-permanent water bodies. Ecological Significance: Supports rich biodiversity and is important for the seasonal migration of birds. Prelims Relevance: State: Madhya Pradesh Wetland Type: Seasonal wetland Key Species: Migratory birds Location: Betul district 4. Yashwant Sagar Key Aspect: An artificial wetland located in the Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh. Ecological Significance: Serves as an important habitat for birds, particularly during the migratory season. Prelims Relevance: State: Madhya Pradesh Wetland Type: Reservoir Key Species: Migratory birds Location: Shivpuri district Maharashtra 1. Lonar Lake Key Aspect: A unique, alkaline crater lake located in the Maharashtra state, formed by a meteorite impact. Ecological Significance: One of only four known hyper-velocity impact craters in basaltic rock anywhere in the world. The lake supports rare species of flora and fauna. Prelims Relevance: State: Maharashtra Wetland Type: Crater lake (alkaline) Ecological Feature: Supports unique flora and fauna Geological Significance: Meteorite impact lake Location: Aurangabad district 2. Nandur Madhmeshwar Wetland Key Aspect: A man-made wetland in the Nashik district, formed by the backwaters of the Godavari River. Ecological Significance: An important site for migratory birds and an important waterbird habitat. It also supports aquatic life and numerous species of flora. Prelims Relevance: State: Maharashtra Wetland Type: Man-made wetland (backwater of Godavari) Key Species: Migratory birds Location: Nashik district 3. Thane Creek Key Aspect: A tidal creek situated near Mumbai, a critical habitat for mangroves and waterbirds. Ecological Significance: The site is home to a variety of coastal flora and fauna, including several migratory bird species. It acts as an essential coastal buffer and water quality regulator. Prelims Relevance: State: Maharashtra Wetland Type: Tidal creek Key Species: Migratory birds, mangroves Location: Near Mumbai Manipur 1. Loktak Lake Key Aspect: A freshwater lake located in the Moirang region of Manipur, famous for its phumdis (floating islands). Ecological Significance: It is one of the largest freshwater lakes in northeastern India, supporting rich biodiversity and acting as a crucial water source for the region. It is home to the endangered Sangai deer. Prelims Relevance: State: Manipur Wetland Type: Freshwater lake Key Species: Sangai deer (endangered) Ecological Role: Floating islands (phumdis), water regulation Location: Moirang Mizoram 1. Pala Wetland Key Aspect: Located in the Kolasib district of Mizoram, this is a high-altitude wetland known for its diverse flora and fauna. Ecological Significance: A vital source of water for local communities, it supports a rich variety of bird species and aquatic life. Prelims Relevance: State: Mizoram Wetland Type: Freshwater wetland Key Species: Migratory birds Location: Kolasib district Nagaland 1. Doyang Lake Key Aspect: A high-altitude lake in the Wokha district of Nagaland, formed by the Doyang River. Ecological Significance: Known for its biodiversity, especially bird species, it serves as an important habitat for migratory birds and aquatic life. Prelims Relevance: State: Nagaland Wetland Type: Riverine lake Key Species: Migratory birds Location: Wokha district Odisha 1. Ansupa Lake Key Aspect: A natural lake located near Cuttack, Odisha. Ecological Significance: The lake is a significant habitat for waterfowl, supporting rich biodiversity, and is also a vital source of water for the local population. Prelims Relevance: State: Odisha Wetland Type: Freshwater lake Ecological Role: Bird habitat Location: Near Cuttack 2. Bhitarkanika Mangroves Key Aspect: A unique estuarine wetland, located in Kendrapara district, Odisha, known for its mangrove forests. Ecological Significance: A vital habitat for numerous species of flora and fauna, including the endangered saltwater crocodile. The mangrove ecosystem plays an important role in coastal protection and water regulation. Prelims Relevance: State: Odisha Wetland Type: Mangrove forest Key Species: Saltwater crocodile (endangered) Ecological Role: Coastal protection, biodiversity hotspot Location: Kendrapara district 3. Chilika Lake Key Aspect: The largest brackish water lake in India, located along the eastern coast of Odisha. Ecological Significance: A hotspot for migratory birds, especially during the winter months. Chilika is home to several endangered species, including the Irrawaddy dolphin. Prelims Relevance: State: Odisha Wetland Type: Brackish water lake Key Species: Irrawaddy dolphin (endangered), migratory birds Location: Along the eastern coast of Odisha 4. Hirakud Reservoir Key Aspect: Located on the Mahanadi River near Sambalpur, it is one of the largest artificial reservoirs in India. Ecological Significance: Supports a variety of aquatic species and migratory birds. It plays a crucial role in water storage and flood control for the region. Prelims Relevance: State: Odisha Wetland Type: Artificial reservoir Ecological Role: Water storage, flood control Location: Near Sambalpur 5. Satkosia Gorge Key Aspect: A deep gorge formed by the Mahanadi River, surrounded by rich biodiversity. Ecological Significance: Known for its diverse fauna, including tigers and crocodiles, the site also provides important ecosystem services, including water regulation. Prelims Relevance: State: Odisha Wetland Type: Riverine gorge Key Species: Tigers, crocodiles Ecological Role: Biodiversity hotspot, water regulation Location: Mahanadi River 6. Tampara Lake Key Aspect: A freshwater lake located in Ganjam district, Odisha. Ecological Significance: The lake supports a diverse range of flora and fauna, particularly bird species, and provides water for local agriculture. Prelims Relevance: State: Odisha Wetland Type: Freshwater lake Ecological Role: Bird habitat, water source Location: Ganjam district Punjab 1. Beas Conservation Reserve Key Aspect: A wetland area along the Beas River in the Gurdaspur district. Ecological Significance: A vital habitat for migratory birds and aquatic species, contributing to the preservation of biodiversity in the region. Prelims Relevance: State: Punjab Wetland Type: Riverine wetland Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Gurdaspur district 2. Harike Wetland Key Aspect: Located at the confluence of the Beas and Sutlej rivers, Harike Wetland is one of the largest wetlands in northern India. Ecological Significance: The site supports a wide variety of migratory birds, including the Siberian crane. It is also an important fishery resource. Prelims Relevance: State: Punjab Wetland Type: Riverine wetland Key Species: Siberian crane (migratory), fish species Location: Confluence of Beas and Sutlej rivers 3. Kanjli Wetland Key Aspect: A man-made wetland located near the town of Kanjli in Punjab. Ecological Significance: Known for its rich avian biodiversity, it provides a critical habitat for several migratory bird species. Prelims Relevance: State: Punjab Wetland Type: Man-made wetland Ecological Role: Bird habitat Location: Near Kanjli town 4. Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve Key Aspect: A wetland reserve in the Gurdaspur district of Punjab, known for its role in maintaining biodiversity. Ecological Significance: It supports a large number of waterfowl and migratory birds. The reserve is essential for bird conservation. Prelims Relevance: State: Punjab Wetland Type: Wetland reserve Ecological Role: Bird conservation Location: Gurdaspur district 5. Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary Key Aspect: Located in the foothills of the Shivalik Range, it is a vital wetland in Punjab. Ecological Significance: Supports several species of aquatic birds and mammals, including the endangered species of crocodiles. Prelims Relevance: State: Punjab Wetland Type: Wetland sanctuary Ecological Role: Aquatic bird and mammal habitat Location: Foothills of the Shivalik Range 6. Ropar Wetland Key Aspect: A large wetland located near the town of Ropar, Punjab. Ecological Significance: This site is crucial for migratory bird species, particularly during the winter months, and plays an important role in water purification. Prelims Relevance: State: Punjab Wetland Type: Freshwater wetland Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat, water purification Location: Near Ropar town Rajasthan 1. Keoladeo National Park Key Aspect: A famous wetland and bird sanctuary in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, known for its rich biodiversity. Ecological Significance: A hotspot for migratory birds, particularly waterfowl. It plays a vital role in wetland ecosystem functions like water filtration and flood regulation. Prelims Relevance: State: Rajasthan Wetland Type: Freshwater wetland Key Species: Migratory waterfowl, particularly the Siberian crane Location: Bharatpur district, Rajasthan 2. Sambhar Lake Key Aspect: The largest saline lake in India, located in the Jaipur district of Rajasthan. Ecological Significance: A critical site for migratory birds and a source of salt production. It supports rich aquatic and bird biodiversity. Prelims Relevance: State: Rajasthan Wetland Type: Saline lake Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat, salt production Location: Jaipur district, Rajasthan Tamil Nadu 1. Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: Located in the Ramanathapuram district, this sanctuary is important for migratory birds. Ecological Significance: Vital wetland for waterfowl and migratory birds, especially during winter. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Key Species: Migratory waterfowl Location: Ramanathapuram district 2. Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve Key Aspect: A coastal and marine ecosystem with diverse marine life. Ecological Significance: Supports coral reefs, sea grass beds, and a range of marine biodiversity. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Marine biosphere reserve Ecological Role: Marine biodiversity, coral reefs Location: Off the southern coast of Tamil Nadu 3. Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: Situated in the southern part of Tamil Nadu, this sanctuary is a critical site for birdlife. Ecological Significance: Supports a large number of waterfowl and migratory birds. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Key Species: Migratory waterfowl Location: Southern Tamil Nadu 4. Karikili Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: Located near Chennai, this sanctuary is significant for birdwatching and biodiversity. Ecological Significance: Important habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Near Chennai 5. Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: Located in the southern part of Tamil Nadu, this site is crucial for migratory birds. Ecological Significance: It plays a key role in the conservation of waterfowl species. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Key Species: Migratory birds Location: Southern Tamil Nadu 6. Longwood Shola Reserve Forest Key Aspect: A tropical forest area, home to a rich variety of flora and fauna. Ecological Significance: Known for its rich biodiversity and being a crucial part of the Western Ghats ecosystem. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Forest reserve Ecological Role: Biodiversity hotspot Location: Western Ghats 7. Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest Key Aspect: A marshland near Chennai, known for its biodiversity and wetlands. Ecological Significance: Acts as a crucial migratory bird stopover site and supports diverse flora and fauna. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Marsh reserve Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Near Chennai 8. Pichavaram Mangrove Key Aspect: A mangrove ecosystem located near the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu. Ecological Significance: Known for its dense mangrove forests and as a habitat for marine biodiversity. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Mangrove Ecological Role: Marine biodiversity Location: Near the coastal region 9. Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: A coastal sanctuary that is a key stopover for migratory birds. Ecological Significance: Acts as a crucial feeding and breeding ground for a variety of waterfowl. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Wildlife sanctuary Key Species: Migratory birds Location: Coastal Tamil Nadu 10. Ramanathapuram Wetland Complex Key Aspect: Wetland complex in the southern Tamil Nadu region, supporting rich biodiversity. Ecological Significance: Known for its birdlife and ecological role in water purification. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Wetland complex Ecological Role: Bird migration, water purification Location: Southern Tamil Nadu 11. Sirunallur Wetland Complex Key Aspect: Wetland complex located in the Tamil Nadu region, home to various migratory species. Ecological Significance: Provides an important habitat for a variety of waterbirds and other species. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Wetland complex Ecological Role: Bird migration, habitat for wildlife Location: Tamil Nadu 12. Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex Key Aspect: Wetland complex located in Tamil Nadu, important for biodiversity and migratory birds. Ecological Significance: Supports both freshwater and wetland species, contributing to the region's biodiversity. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Wetland complex Ecological Role: Habitat for migratory birds Location: Tamil Nadu 13. Thaneerkkarai Odai Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: A bird sanctuary in the southern part of Tamil Nadu, vital for migratory species. Ecological Significance: Acts as a critical site for waterfowl and provides an important sanctuary for birds. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Southern Tamil Nadu 14. Therthangal Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: Located in Tamil Nadu, this bird sanctuary is a known stopover for migratory birds. Ecological Significance: Supports a diverse population of waterfowl and other bird species. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Ecological Role: Migratory bird stopover Location: Tamil Nadu 15. Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: A bird sanctuary located in the Tamil Nadu region, known for its variety of bird species. Ecological Significance: A crucial wetland site for waterfowl and migratory birds. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Tamil Nadu 16. Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: Situated in the Thanjavur district, this sanctuary is important for bird conservation. Ecological Significance: Serves as a significant habitat for migratory birds. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Thanjavur district 17. Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: Located near Chennai, this sanctuary is one of the oldest bird sanctuaries in India. Ecological Significance: Known for hosting a large number of migratory birds, particularly during winter. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Near Chennai 18. Vellode Bird Sanctuary Key Aspect: A bird sanctuary located in Tamil Nadu, known for its birdlife and aquatic species. Ecological Significance: Important for bird migration and serves as a critical stopover for waterfowl. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Tamil Nadu 19. Vembannur Wetland Complex Key Aspect: Wetland complex that plays a vital role in supporting a variety of bird species. Ecological Significance: Acts as a feeding and breeding ground for migratory and resident birds. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Wetland complex Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Tamil Nadu 20. Mudaliarkuppam Mangrove Key Aspect: A mangrove ecosystem near the Tamil Nadu coast. Ecological Significance: Supports marine biodiversity and is crucial for coastal protection. Prelims Relevance: State: Tamil Nadu Wetland Type: Mangrove Ecological Role: Coastal protection, marine biodiversity Location: Coastal Tamil Nadu Telangana 1. Asan Barrage Key Aspect: Situated near the city of Hyderabad, it is a man-made wetland formed by the construction of the Asan Barrage. Ecological Significance: Important for waterfowl and other wetland species, providing habitat for birds and aquatic life. Prelims Relevance: State: Telangana Wetland Type: Man-made wetland Ecological Role: Waterfowl habitat Location: Near Hyderabad 2. Kawal Tiger Reserve Key Aspect: Located in the Adilabad district, Kawal is known for its tiger population and rich biodiversity. Ecological Significance: A significant forest and wetland area, contributing to the protection of endangered species and ecosystems. Prelims Relevance: State: Telangana Wetland Type: Forest reserve and wetland Key Species: Tigers, wild boars, and various bird species Location: Adilabad district 3. Keetham Lake (Sur Sarovar) Key Aspect: Situated near Agra, it is a prominent wetland known for its birdlife. Ecological Significance: Plays an essential role as a feeding and breeding site for migratory birds. Prelims Relevance: State: Telangana Wetland Type: Freshwater lake Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Near Agra Tripura 1. Rudrasagar Lake Key Aspect: Located in the western part of Tripura, Rudrasagar Lake is known for its ecological importance. Ecological Significance: It supports diverse aquatic life and serves as a habitat for migratory birds, particularly waterfowl. Prelims Relevance: State: Tripura Wetland Type: Freshwater lake Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Western Tripura Uttar Pradesh 1. Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary – Uttar Pradesh Key Aspect: Located in the Sant Kabir Nagar district, this sanctuary is vital for waterfowl and migratory bird species. Ecological Significance: Serves as an important feeding and nesting ground for various waterfowl and aquatic species. Prelims Relevance: State: Uttar Pradesh Wetland Type: Wildlife sanctuary Key Species: Migratory waterfowl Location: Sant Kabir Nagar district 2. Haiderpur Wetland – Uttar Pradesh Key Aspect: A large wetland located near the western banks of the Ganga River, important for migratory birds. Ecological Significance: Acts as a significant stopover site for migratory birds and is crucial for the region's biodiversity. Prelims Relevance: State: Uttar Pradesh Wetland Type: Wetland Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Western Uttar Pradesh 3. Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary – Uttar Pradesh Key Aspect: Located in the Unnao district, this bird sanctuary is known for its seasonal bird population. Ecological Significance: Supports a wide variety of migratory and resident bird species. Prelims Relevance: State: Uttar Pradesh Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Ecological Role: Bird migration and breeding Location: Unnao district 4. Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary – Uttar Pradesh Key Aspect: A lesser-known bird sanctuary situated in the state, providing important wetland habitats. Ecological Significance: Supports a wide range of migratory and indigenous bird species, particularly during winter. Prelims Relevance: State: Uttar Pradesh Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Ecological Role: Bird migration habitat Location: Uttar Pradesh 5. Saman Bird Sanctuary – Uttar Pradesh Key Aspect: Located near Etawah, Saman Bird Sanctuary is important for bird conservation. Ecological Significance: Provides crucial wetland habitat for waterfowl and migratory bird species. Prelims Relevance: State: Uttar Pradesh Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Near Etawah 6. Samaspur Bird Sanctuary – Uttar Pradesh Key Aspect: Situated in the Rae Bareli district, this sanctuary is significant for its birdlife. Ecological Significance: Known for hosting migratory birds and serving as an important ecological area for the region's biodiversity. Prelims Relevance: State: Uttar Pradesh Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Rae Bareli district 7. Sandi Bird Sanctuary – Uttar Pradesh Key Aspect: Located in the Hardoi district, it is an important bird sanctuary and wetland area. Ecological Significance: Known for its wide variety of bird species, especially waterfowl. Prelims Relevance: State: Uttar Pradesh Wetland Type: Bird sanctuary Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Hardoi district 8. Sarsai Nawar Jheel – Uttar Pradesh Key Aspect: A wetland area in the Etawah district, known for its biodiversity and migratory birds. Ecological Significance: Provides a habitat for waterfowl and other aquatic species. Prelims Relevance: State: Uttar Pradesh Wetland Type: Wetland Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Etawah district 9. Sur Sarovar – Uttar Pradesh Key Aspect: A well-known wetland area located near Agra. Ecological Significance: Vital for waterfowl migration and breeding, especially during winter. Prelims Relevance: State: Uttar Pradesh Wetland Type: Wetland Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Near Agra 10. Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch) – Uttar Pradesh Key Aspect: A riverine wetland stretching along the Ganga River. Ecological Significance: A key site for migratory birds and supports aquatic biodiversity along the river. Prelims Relevance: State: Uttar Pradesh Wetland Type: Riverine wetland Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat, river ecosystem Location: Brijghat to Narora Stretch, Ganga River Uttarakhand 1. Asan Barrage – Uttarakhand Key Aspect: Asan Barrage is located near the Asan River and is known for its rich biodiversity, especially birdlife. Ecological Significance: It serves as an important habitat for various migratory birds, particularly waterfowl. Prelims Relevance: State: Uttarakhand Wetland Type: Barrage Ecological Role: Migratory bird habitat Location: Near the Asan River, Uttarakhand West Bengal (3 Ramsar Sites) 1. East Calcutta Wetlands – West Bengal Key Aspect: Located near Kolkata, the East Calcutta Wetlands play an important role in water management and biodiversity conservation. Ecological Significance: It provides critical habitat for birds and is also known for its fishery activity and sustainable water management. Prelims Relevance: State: West Bengal Wetland Type: Wetland system Ecological Role: Migratory birds, water management Location: Near Kolkata 2. Sunderbans – West Bengal Key Aspect: The Sunderbans is a vast mangrove forest, one of the largest in the world, and home to the famous Bengal tiger. Ecological Significance: It provides essential ecosystem services such as coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and supports a variety of wildlife, including endangered species. Prelims Relevance: State: West Bengal Wetland Type: Mangrove forest Ecological Role: Coastal protection, biodiversity hotspot Location: South-western Bengal, near the Bay of Bengal 3. Bhitarkanika Mangroves – West Bengal Note: Bhitarkanika is primarily in Odisha, but overlaps with administrative zones in West Bengal. Key Aspect: The mangrove forest and wetland area provide habitat for a wide range of flora and fauna, including saltwater crocodiles. Ecological Significance: Bhitarkanika is crucial for biodiversity conservation and supports numerous migratory bird species. Prelims Relevance: State: West Bengal (also Odisha) Wetland Type: Mangrove forest Ecological Role: Saltwater crocodiles, biodiversity hotspot Location: West Bengal and Odisha border, along the Bay of Bengal

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