Introduction

India Current Affairs June 2 2025 brings you today’s most significant updates. In a nation evolving rapidly, staying informed is crucial. From economic trends to defense updates, debates on academic freedom, and digital asset regulation, dive in to explore what matters most.

1. The University Under Attack: Safeguarding Academic Freedom in India

What it’s about: Universities are meant to be beacons of free thought, discussion, and research. However, in India, a concerning trend of political control and interference is threatening their independence. Decisions concerning leadership, curriculum, and even student conduct are increasingly being dictated by politicians rather than academics. This erosion of autonomy stifles intellectual exploration, hinders research, and ultimately diminishes the quality of education.

Key points:

• Universities are crucial for fostering critical thinking, research, and societal progress.
• Political interference undermines their independence, leading to a decline in academic standards.
• Their role in encouraging democracy and dissent is vital for societal advancement.
• Recent incidents, including political appointments and ideological controls, are eroding their core values.

Facts:

• Globally, universities have seen reduced public funding and increased government scrutiny.
• In India, ideological pressures are often linked to broader debates about nationalism and cultural identity.

Improvements / Way Forward:

• Strengthen laws to protect academic freedom.
• Ensure that academic leadership appointments are based purely on merit.
• Actively encourage research and free inquiry, rather than ideological conformity.
• Engage civil society and academic bodies to collectively uphold university independence.

2. Regulating India’s Virtual Digital Assets Revolution: Addressing the Gaps

What it’s about: India has witnessed a surge in cryptocurrency investments. While the government has introduced a 30% tax on profits from Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs), a comprehensive regulatory framework remains elusive. This lack of clear rules creates a breeding ground for scams, fraudulent activities, and the potential misuse of crypto for illicit purposes like money laundering.

Key points:

• India has implemented a 30% tax on VDA profits and a 1% Tax Deducted at Source (TDS).
• Despite these tax provisions, a clear and comprehensive regulatory framework is still absent.
• The unclear legal status of VDAs fosters risks such as tax evasion, fraud, and asset misuse.
• The government is actively working towards establishing a regulatory framework to bring clarity and stability to the sector.

Facts:

• India is one of the largest crypto markets globally, boasting millions of users.
• The Finance Bill 2022 introduced specific tax provisions for VDAs.
• International bodies like the G20 have emphasized the urgent need for coherent crypto regulations worldwide.

Improvements / Way Forward:

• ✅ Draft a comprehensive legal framework for VDAs, covering licensing, Know Your Customer (KYC) norms, and investor protection.
• ✅ Achieve a balance between fostering innovation and ensuring robust consumer protection and financial stability.
• ✅ Coordinate efforts globally to prevent the misuse of VDAs, particularly for money laundering.
• ✅ Educate users and investors about the inherent risks and their rights in the VDA space.

3. Growing Pains: Making India’s Economic Growth Inclusive

What it’s about: India’s economy is experiencing remarkable growth, with a notable 8.2% GDP increase in 2023–24. However, this impressive statistic often masks underlying challenges such as high unemployment and income inequality. The editorial emphasizes that true progress means improving the lives of all citizens, not just achieving higher GDP figures.

Key points:

• High GDP growth is primarily driven by strong performance in manufacturing, services, and government spending.
• Significant challenges persist, including unemployment, inflation, income inequality, and infrastructure deficits.
• Economic growth must prioritize improving the lives of all citizens, not just focusing on GDP numbers.

Facts:

• India has emerged as the world’s 4th largest economy in absolute terms.
• Q4 2023–24 saw a 7.8% growth, propelled by robust manufacturing and construction sectors.
• The informal sector continues to lag, with limited benefits from this economic growth.

Improvements / Way Forward:

• ✅ Invest strategically in human capital (education and health) to ensure long-term productivity and growth.
• ✅ Foster employment-intensive growth, particularly in MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) and rural industries.
• ✅ Strengthen social protection programs to provide a safety net for vulnerable populations.
• ✅ Implement measures to effectively tackle inflation and rising cost-of-living pressures.

4. Whose Mountain is it, Anyway? Balancing Adventure, Culture, and Environment

What it’s about: This opinion piece delves into the contentious issue of mountaineering and adventure sports on sacred and culturally significant mountains, using Kanchenjunga in Sikkim as a prime example. It highlights the inherent tensions between the burgeoning tourism industry, the rights of local communities, and critical environmental concerns.

Key points:

• Mountains hold profound spiritual and cultural significance for indigenous communities.
• Commercial expeditions frequently disregard indigenous perspectives and the environmental impact of their activities.
• There is an urgent need to find a balance between promoting adventure sports and showing respect for local cultures and the natural environment.

Facts:

• Kanchenjunga is revered as sacred by the Sikkimese communities.
• Mountaineering has seen a global boom, often without adequate consideration for cultural and ecological sensitivities.

Improvements / Way Forward:

• ✅ Ensure active engagement of indigenous communities in all decision-making processes related to mountains.
• ✅ Impose strict and responsible tourism guidelines to mitigate negative impacts.
• ✅ Prioritize the protection of natural and cultural heritage while simultaneously fostering sustainable tourism practices.

5. India’s Rise to 4th Largest Economy Belies Per Capita Reality

What it’s about: This article examines the paradox of India’s impressive GDP growth alongside the persistent reality of low per capita income and widespread poverty. While India has become the world’s 4th largest economy by total size, the average individual income remains significantly low when distributed among its vast population.

Key Points:

• Big GDP: India’s economy has surpassed many developed nations in overall size.
• Low Per Capita Income: When the GDP is divided by a population of 1.4 billion, the average individual income remains considerably low.
• Regional Disparities: Significant income differences exist between urban and rural areas.
• Comparison: Smaller countries like Singapore boast much higher per capita incomes despite having smaller overall economies.

Facts:

• India’s GDP in 2023 reached $4.1 trillion, surpassing Japan.
• India’s per capita income is approximately $2,400, which is significantly lower than that of developed economies.
• Poverty and unemployment continue to be major challenges.

Improvements / Way Forward:

• ✅ Focus on implementing policies that directly boost per capita incomes through investments in education, health, and skill development.
• ✅ Prioritize upliftment initiatives for the rural and informal sectors.
• ✅ Emphasize monitoring the quality of growth, rather than solely focusing on its quantity.

6. City Gas Distribution (CGD) Project – Alipurduar, West Bengal: Powering a Cleaner Future

Background: The City Gas Distribution (CGD) Project in Alipurduar represents a significant stride in India’s mission to expand access to clean and affordable energy. This ambitious project, with an investment exceeding ₹1,010 crore, was recently inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Location Advantage: Alipurduar’s strategic location at the confluence of West Bengal, Assam, and Bhutan provides a distinct advantage. Its robust connectivity with Assam and proximity to Bhutan make it an ideal hub for a comprehensive CGD network, serving both urban and semi-urban populations.

Key Features & Components:

• ✅ Piped Natural Gas (PNG): This component is expected to provide reliable and environmentally friendly cooking fuel to over 2.5 lakh households, in addition to more than 100 commercial and industrial establishments.
• ✅ Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): The establishment of 19 CNG stations will ensure widespread fuel availability for vehicles, thereby contributing significantly to reduced air pollution and fostering greener transportation.

Role of PNGRB: The Petroleum & Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB), established under the PNGRB Act, 2006, serves as the nodal authority for approving and monitoring CGD projects across various Geographical Areas (GAs). Its crucial role ensures the fair and transparent implementation of these projects in strict adherence to national standards.

7. Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) – HAL’s Expansion: Boosting India’s Defense Self-Reliance

Update: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has marked a significant milestone with the inauguration of a fourth production line for the Tejas Mk1A variant in Hyderabad. This expansion is a key step towards boosting India’s self-reliance in defense production.

Tejas LCA – At a Glance:

• 🔹 Developer: Jointly developed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
• 🔹 Type: A single-engine, lightweight, multi-role fighter aircraft.
• First Flight: Achieved its maiden flight in 2001.
• 🔹 Inducted into IAF: Officially inducted into the Indian Air Force in 2016.
• 🔹 Generational Classification: Classified as a 4.5-generation fighter aircraft.

Variants & Development:

• ✅ Tejas Mk1: The baseline operational aircraft variant.
• ✅ Tejas Mk1A: An enhanced variant featuring an AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) radar, advanced avionics, and improved maintenance capabilities for superior combat performance.
• ✅ Tejas Mk2: Currently under development, this variant will boast greater range, payload capacity, and enhanced combat versatility.
• ✅ Naval Version: A specialized variant specifically designed for operations from aircraft carriers.

Key Technical Features:

• 🔹 Engine: Powered by the General Electric F404 engine (used in Mk1/Mk1A variants); future plans include integrating an indigenous Kaveri engine.
• 🔹 Radar Systems: Equipped with advanced AESA radars, either the Israeli EL/M-2052 or India’s own Uttam AESA radar.
• 🔹 Electronic Warfare (EW): Incorporates a Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS) and advanced self-protection jammer pods for enhanced survivability.
• 🔹 Weapons Capability: Capable of carrying Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missiles, a variety of Air-to-Air and Air-to-Ground munitions, and the advanced ASRAAM missile.